Reflections on Hyakujo's Fox
There is a great koan (case study or teaching story) called Hyakujo's Fox. It is the second story in a collection called the Gateless Gate. The link to that story is here:
http://www.ibiblio.org/zen/gateless-gate/2.html
Note that the other koans in the Gateless Gate collection are worth contemplating as well, since they are all designed to deepen our understanding and application of various Buddhist teachings. The point is not to just befuddle people, but to spur them to take Buddhist teachings out of the abstract and relate to them more concretely. To assimilate them into our lives so that the enlightened view and actitivy which it gives rise to can become more natural to us.
I would now like to comment on this koan as it has been a very important one to me for years. One of the reasons it is important to me is because since becoming a Nichiren Buddhist back in 1986 I have constantly heard people talk about the law of cause and effect. But then I realized that there are shallow and deep ways of understanding this law and how buddhahood relates to it. This koan is one of many things which opened my eyes to a deeper and more concrete perspective. The koan and related verses and classical commentary will be in bold with my comments following in regular type:
Hyakujo's Fox
Once when Hyakujo delivered some Zen lectures an old man attended
them, unseen by the monks. At the end of each talk when the monks
left so did he. But one day he remained after the had gone, and
Hyakujo asked him: `Who are you?'
The old man replied: `I am not a human being, but I was a human
being when the Kashapa Buddha preached in this world. I was a Zen
master and lived on this mountain. At that time one of my students
asked me whether the enlightened man is subject to the law of
causation. I answered him: "The enlightened man is not subject to
the law of causation." For this answer evidencing a clinging to
absoluteness I became a fox for five hundred rebirths, and I am
still a fox. Will you save me from this condition with your Zen
words and let me get out of a fox's body? Now may I ask you: Is the
enlightened man subject to the law of causation?'
Buddhism assumes that there can only be one Buddha per world per dispensation of the Dharma. Each Buddha rediscovers the Dharma anew after it has been forgotten and teaches it by setting in motion once again the Wheel of the Dharma. Once that Buddha Dharma has again been forgotten the way is open for a new Buddha to appear and set the Wheel rolling once again. So Kashyapa Buddha was one of the Buddhas of this world prior to Shakyamuni, the Buddha of recent history and the Buddha who set the current Wheel of the Dharma rolling. Unfortunately, even upon meeting a Buddha one can still miss the point, the Buddha's can't do everything for you. So this poor Zen master of a previous age taught that an enlightened man transcends cause and effect and for this was doomed to five hundred rebirths as a fox - and the fox in East Asia is looked upon as a kind of malevolent trickster. So this was not a good thing. He is doomed to continue appearing as a fox until he gets the Dharma right - kind of like Bill Murray having to repeat Groundhog day until he gets it right. Now he hopes to undo the past and wants to get the right answer.
Hyakujo said: `The enlightened man is one with the law of causation.'
Other translations say: "The enlightened man is not blind to the law of causation." which I like better, but this works as well. So the point is there is no one to transcend and nothing to be transcended. The law of causation is what we are for good or ill, and we can either be blind to it and act in ignorance or we can be aware of it and work with the process, with the way things are, with the way we are. A Buddha is an "Awakened One" not one who has transcended to some other realm or reality.
At the words of Hyakujo the old man was enlightened. `I am emancipated,' he said, paying homage with a deep bow. `I am no more a fox, but I have to leave my body in my dwelling place behind this mountain. Please perform my funeral as a monk.' The he disappeared.
The next day Hyakujo gave an order through the chief monk to prepare to attend the funeral of a monk. `No one was sick in the infirmary,' wondered the monks. `What does our teacher mean?'
After dinner Hyakujo led the monks out and around the mountain. In a cave, with his staff he poked out the corpse of an old fox and then performed the ceremony of cremation.
That evening Hyakujo gave a talk to the monks and told this story about the law of causation.
Here is where something funny occured to me. Granted that this is a fantastic story utilizing the Buddhist idea of rebirth as an animal, and the East Asian idea of foxes as magical beings who can take on human form and who like to trick others, it seemed to me that maybe Hyakujo himself made up the whole story to make a point about how enlightened ones relate to causation - by being aware of it instead of denying it. Furthermore, it seemed to me that perhaps he was walking around the mountain and found the dead body of the fox and this inspired him to make up this story and then have the monks bury the poor fox. This would make Hyakujo the tricky one, coming up with a dramatic device to make a point and get a fox buried with full honors. It would also mean that the effect (the dead fox) of the exchange between Hyakujo and the fox was in actuality the cause of the (possibly imagined) exchange between Hyakujo and the fox. I thought of this because I had been reading Dogen's wonderful essay "Uji" or "Being-Time" in which Dogen relates how being is itself the flow of time and vice versa and how past, present, and future are mutually related. This means that in the profound view of cause and effect, effects can be causes and causes can be effects depending on point of view. So one can aspire to a goal (the effect in the future) and that can motivate one to do one's best (the cause in the present) but in a way the future effect has become the cause of the efforts which then become an effect of the imagined goal. And there are many other permutations as well. But again, I have drifted into abstraction with this. Brining it down to earth, it means that a dead animal on the side of road embodies both cause and effect - to the eyes of a clever and discerning person like Hyakujo everything, no matter how humble, can be a teaching and can open up for us the many possibilities of cause and effect.
Obaku, upon hearing this story, asked Hyakujo: `I understand that a
long time ago because a certain person gave a wrong Zen answer he
became a fox for five hundred rebirths. Now if I was to ask: If some
modern master is asked many questions, and he always gives the right
answer, what will become of him?'
I suspect that what Obaku is really getting at is this: "Leave aside the wrong answer, what about when the right answer is just given as a matter of intellectual knowledge, or becomes the cause for pride or complacency, or even arrogance?" Obaku seems to be asking Hyakujo if he really knows the answer in his heart and not just in his mind. Is he giving the right answer with the right attitude? Most importantly, he wants a demonstration in concrete terms. Something that will show how all this talk of cause and effect, and awareness of it, can come to life in that moment.
Hyakujo said: `You come here near me and I will tell you.'
Obaku went near Hyakujo and slapped the teacher's face with this
hand, for he knew this was the answer his teacher intended to give
him.
A slap in the Zen context does not really mean abuse. Just like one would slap a hysterical person to bring them back to clarity and cut through the panic, a slap in Zen is meant to bring a person back to this moment. Obaku had been around long enough to know that this is what Hyakujo intended to do, so he pre-empted him. The student had become the teacher in this instance.
Hyakujo clapped his hands and laughed at the discernment. `I thought
a Persian had a red beard,' he said, `and now I know a Persian who
has a red beard.'
I am not certain, but I think this may be a reference to Bodhidharma, who was said to have had a red-beard. Bodhidharma was not a Persian but a South Indian I believe. Other translations of this story say "foreigner" rather than "Persian." But let's assume Bodhidharma is meant here. If that is the case, what is means is that when Obaku acted as he did, he displayed the very concrete awareness, insight, and ability to act naturally on that enlightened-awareness that Bodhidharma had come to China to teach. Instead of teaching theoretical knowledge based on scholastic study of the sutras, the legend of Bodhidharma has him teaching the Chinese how to bring that knowledge into their actual awareness, their bodily posture, their ability to act concretely in the true spirit of the teachings through the zazen and other methods that he taught. In acting as he did, Hyakujo is saying that Obaku had brought Bodhidharma to life right then and there by living his teachings. And this is how past (Bodhidharma) becomes concretely present (a slap) and actualizes the goal of enlightenment (the future). Cause and effect have become one, because they are no longer a linear chronology of past cause leading to present effect or present cause leading to future effect but cause and effect both present in one action. Slap!
Mumon's comment: `The enlightened man is not subject.' How can this
answer make the monk a fox?
`The enlightened man is at one with the law of causation.' How can
this answer make the fox emancipated?
To understand clearly one has to have just one eye.
The one eye is the eye of concentration and insight, the eye of being fully present in this moment.
Controlled or not controlled?
The same dice shows two faces.
Not controlled or controlled,
Both are a grievous error.
If one has opened that eye then one can see the limitations of these answers. One can see the implied dualism in seperating ourselves from cause and effect or seperating causes and effects. One can see these things for oneself rather than just thinking about them abstractly.
Namu Myoho Renge Kyo (the slap in the face of Nichiren Shonin),
Ryuei
http://www.ibiblio.org/zen/gateless-gate/2.html
Note that the other koans in the Gateless Gate collection are worth contemplating as well, since they are all designed to deepen our understanding and application of various Buddhist teachings. The point is not to just befuddle people, but to spur them to take Buddhist teachings out of the abstract and relate to them more concretely. To assimilate them into our lives so that the enlightened view and actitivy which it gives rise to can become more natural to us.
I would now like to comment on this koan as it has been a very important one to me for years. One of the reasons it is important to me is because since becoming a Nichiren Buddhist back in 1986 I have constantly heard people talk about the law of cause and effect. But then I realized that there are shallow and deep ways of understanding this law and how buddhahood relates to it. This koan is one of many things which opened my eyes to a deeper and more concrete perspective. The koan and related verses and classical commentary will be in bold with my comments following in regular type:
Hyakujo's Fox
Once when Hyakujo delivered some Zen lectures an old man attended
them, unseen by the monks. At the end of each talk when the monks
left so did he. But one day he remained after the had gone, and
Hyakujo asked him: `Who are you?'
The old man replied: `I am not a human being, but I was a human
being when the Kashapa Buddha preached in this world. I was a Zen
master and lived on this mountain. At that time one of my students
asked me whether the enlightened man is subject to the law of
causation. I answered him: "The enlightened man is not subject to
the law of causation." For this answer evidencing a clinging to
absoluteness I became a fox for five hundred rebirths, and I am
still a fox. Will you save me from this condition with your Zen
words and let me get out of a fox's body? Now may I ask you: Is the
enlightened man subject to the law of causation?'
Buddhism assumes that there can only be one Buddha per world per dispensation of the Dharma. Each Buddha rediscovers the Dharma anew after it has been forgotten and teaches it by setting in motion once again the Wheel of the Dharma. Once that Buddha Dharma has again been forgotten the way is open for a new Buddha to appear and set the Wheel rolling once again. So Kashyapa Buddha was one of the Buddhas of this world prior to Shakyamuni, the Buddha of recent history and the Buddha who set the current Wheel of the Dharma rolling. Unfortunately, even upon meeting a Buddha one can still miss the point, the Buddha's can't do everything for you. So this poor Zen master of a previous age taught that an enlightened man transcends cause and effect and for this was doomed to five hundred rebirths as a fox - and the fox in East Asia is looked upon as a kind of malevolent trickster. So this was not a good thing. He is doomed to continue appearing as a fox until he gets the Dharma right - kind of like Bill Murray having to repeat Groundhog day until he gets it right. Now he hopes to undo the past and wants to get the right answer.
Hyakujo said: `The enlightened man is one with the law of causation.'
Other translations say: "The enlightened man is not blind to the law of causation." which I like better, but this works as well. So the point is there is no one to transcend and nothing to be transcended. The law of causation is what we are for good or ill, and we can either be blind to it and act in ignorance or we can be aware of it and work with the process, with the way things are, with the way we are. A Buddha is an "Awakened One" not one who has transcended to some other realm or reality.
At the words of Hyakujo the old man was enlightened. `I am emancipated,' he said, paying homage with a deep bow. `I am no more a fox, but I have to leave my body in my dwelling place behind this mountain. Please perform my funeral as a monk.' The he disappeared.
The next day Hyakujo gave an order through the chief monk to prepare to attend the funeral of a monk. `No one was sick in the infirmary,' wondered the monks. `What does our teacher mean?'
After dinner Hyakujo led the monks out and around the mountain. In a cave, with his staff he poked out the corpse of an old fox and then performed the ceremony of cremation.
That evening Hyakujo gave a talk to the monks and told this story about the law of causation.
Here is where something funny occured to me. Granted that this is a fantastic story utilizing the Buddhist idea of rebirth as an animal, and the East Asian idea of foxes as magical beings who can take on human form and who like to trick others, it seemed to me that maybe Hyakujo himself made up the whole story to make a point about how enlightened ones relate to causation - by being aware of it instead of denying it. Furthermore, it seemed to me that perhaps he was walking around the mountain and found the dead body of the fox and this inspired him to make up this story and then have the monks bury the poor fox. This would make Hyakujo the tricky one, coming up with a dramatic device to make a point and get a fox buried with full honors. It would also mean that the effect (the dead fox) of the exchange between Hyakujo and the fox was in actuality the cause of the (possibly imagined) exchange between Hyakujo and the fox. I thought of this because I had been reading Dogen's wonderful essay "Uji" or "Being-Time" in which Dogen relates how being is itself the flow of time and vice versa and how past, present, and future are mutually related. This means that in the profound view of cause and effect, effects can be causes and causes can be effects depending on point of view. So one can aspire to a goal (the effect in the future) and that can motivate one to do one's best (the cause in the present) but in a way the future effect has become the cause of the efforts which then become an effect of the imagined goal. And there are many other permutations as well. But again, I have drifted into abstraction with this. Brining it down to earth, it means that a dead animal on the side of road embodies both cause and effect - to the eyes of a clever and discerning person like Hyakujo everything, no matter how humble, can be a teaching and can open up for us the many possibilities of cause and effect.
Obaku, upon hearing this story, asked Hyakujo: `I understand that a
long time ago because a certain person gave a wrong Zen answer he
became a fox for five hundred rebirths. Now if I was to ask: If some
modern master is asked many questions, and he always gives the right
answer, what will become of him?'
I suspect that what Obaku is really getting at is this: "Leave aside the wrong answer, what about when the right answer is just given as a matter of intellectual knowledge, or becomes the cause for pride or complacency, or even arrogance?" Obaku seems to be asking Hyakujo if he really knows the answer in his heart and not just in his mind. Is he giving the right answer with the right attitude? Most importantly, he wants a demonstration in concrete terms. Something that will show how all this talk of cause and effect, and awareness of it, can come to life in that moment.
Hyakujo said: `You come here near me and I will tell you.'
Obaku went near Hyakujo and slapped the teacher's face with this
hand, for he knew this was the answer his teacher intended to give
him.
A slap in the Zen context does not really mean abuse. Just like one would slap a hysterical person to bring them back to clarity and cut through the panic, a slap in Zen is meant to bring a person back to this moment. Obaku had been around long enough to know that this is what Hyakujo intended to do, so he pre-empted him. The student had become the teacher in this instance.
Hyakujo clapped his hands and laughed at the discernment. `I thought
a Persian had a red beard,' he said, `and now I know a Persian who
has a red beard.'
I am not certain, but I think this may be a reference to Bodhidharma, who was said to have had a red-beard. Bodhidharma was not a Persian but a South Indian I believe. Other translations of this story say "foreigner" rather than "Persian." But let's assume Bodhidharma is meant here. If that is the case, what is means is that when Obaku acted as he did, he displayed the very concrete awareness, insight, and ability to act naturally on that enlightened-awareness that Bodhidharma had come to China to teach. Instead of teaching theoretical knowledge based on scholastic study of the sutras, the legend of Bodhidharma has him teaching the Chinese how to bring that knowledge into their actual awareness, their bodily posture, their ability to act concretely in the true spirit of the teachings through the zazen and other methods that he taught. In acting as he did, Hyakujo is saying that Obaku had brought Bodhidharma to life right then and there by living his teachings. And this is how past (Bodhidharma) becomes concretely present (a slap) and actualizes the goal of enlightenment (the future). Cause and effect have become one, because they are no longer a linear chronology of past cause leading to present effect or present cause leading to future effect but cause and effect both present in one action. Slap!
Mumon's comment: `The enlightened man is not subject.' How can this
answer make the monk a fox?
`The enlightened man is at one with the law of causation.' How can
this answer make the fox emancipated?
To understand clearly one has to have just one eye.
The one eye is the eye of concentration and insight, the eye of being fully present in this moment.
Controlled or not controlled?
The same dice shows two faces.
Not controlled or controlled,
Both are a grievous error.
If one has opened that eye then one can see the limitations of these answers. One can see the implied dualism in seperating ourselves from cause and effect or seperating causes and effects. One can see these things for oneself rather than just thinking about them abstractly.
Namu Myoho Renge Kyo (the slap in the face of Nichiren Shonin),
Ryuei
posted by Ryuei at 2:43 PM
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